Recombinant cytotoxin as well as a method of producing it

ABSTRACT

The subject of the present invention is a method of modifying proteinaceous toxins through the addition of an NLS motif. The resulting cytotoxin facilitates the selective elimination of proliferating cells, particularly tumor cells.

The subject of the present invention is a method of modifying proteinaceous toxins through the addition of an NLS motif. The resulting cytotoxins facilitate the selective elimination of proliferating cells, particularly tumour cells.

A poison is an organic or inorganic substance which, even at low concentrations, has a deleterious effect on living organisms. Poisons are divided into two basic categories. The first consists of natural poisons, produced mainly by pathogenic bacteria, poisonous fungi and plants, as well as venomous animals. The second group of poisons consists of anthropogenic poisons. Bacterial toxins (venoms) are various chemical compounds produced by bacteria which poison a higher organism. They act specifically on various systems (i.e. on the gastrointestinal tract) or cells of an organism (i.e. neurotoxins). These are differentiated into exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins, secreted outside of the live cell are strong venoms and induce specific disease symptoms. They have a proteinaceous structure (metabolic product) and thus are sensitive to high temperatures (>60° C.) as well as being degraded by digestive enzymes (with the exception of botulinum toxin and Staphylococcus enterotoxins). They have strong antygenic properties, and anatoxins made therefrom are used to immunise humans and animals. They are made mainly by Gram-positive bacteria. These are some of the strongest toxic substances known. Endotoxins are released only following the degradation of the bacterial cell. They are weak venoms, and the symptoms they induce are not specific. Chemically, these are glycolipopolypeptide complexes (lipopolysaccharide) which most often occur in Gram-negative bacteria in one of the three cell-wall layers. They are poorly antygenic. They are not degraded by digestive enzymes but are thermostable. Exotoxins secreted by bacteria (but also by plants, fungi and some animals) exhibit cytotoxic properties against a host cells, usually due to the enzymatic inhibition of protein synthesis. The essential condition toxin activity is their binding of surface receptors on the target cell and their internalisation through endocytsis, and then translocation from the endoplasmatic reticulum into the cytosol. Bacterial exotoxins are currently produced using genetic engineering methods or chemically conjugated with ligands and antibodies so as to bind to specific cell types. This facilitates the selective destruction of disease-altered cell lines. The use of bacterial exotoxins specific for tumour cells is one of the targeted therapeutic strategies against cancer. Exotoxins secreted naturally by the disease-causing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Diphtheriae typhimurium are compounds of very high cytotoxicity, sometimes many times higher than of classic antitumour drugs. In many cases a single toxin molecule is capable of killing a cell, which makes them some of the most lethal compounds. An exotoxin frequently used to construct fusion proteins with antitumour activity is exotoxin PE from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas exotoxin, PE) [1]. A molecule of native PE toxin consists of a catalytic domain connected with a domain that binds a receptor through a central translocation domain, which facilitates the transfer of the C-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol (FIG. 1). So far, the role of the Ib domain of PE remains unknown, but it is known that it contains a disulphide bridge necessary for molecule maturation. FIG. 2 shows the mechanism of PE intoxication. Due to the interaction with the host cell, PE binds to the α2 macroglobulins. Prior to entering the cell, the toxin is cleaved proteolytically. A caroxypeptidase cuts off the terminal lysine which exposes the REDL motif. Next, the exotoxins are internalised through endocytosis dependent on the receptor. After entering endocytotic vesicles, the toxin is cleaved proteolytically by furin inside the translocation domain, and the disulphide bridges hold the formed fragments until they are reduced. The PE migration pathway in the cell is through the Golgi apparatus and encompasses retention in the endoplasmatic reticulum due to the REDL signal at the C-terminus of the protein. Then, the freed catalytic domain is translocated through the reticulum wall into the cytosol. There, the active protein catalyses ADP-ribosylation of His at position 699 of the translation factor eEF2 and thereby inhibits protein synthesis, thereby quickly leading to cell death [1]. The use of PE in targeted therapy entails the replacement of the receptor-binding domain with an antibody or a portion thereof, a cytokine or growth factor (hence the name immunotoxins). The most frequently used form of PE is a fractional exotoxin of 38 kDa composed of amino-acids 253-364 and 381-613. Chimeric immunotoxins based on PE molecules are most often directed against receptors IL2 and IL6 as well as growth factor TGFα (Tab. 1) [2]. The table below lists information regarding the use of propharmaceuticals containing immunotoxins in the treatment of tumours (clinical trials).

TABLE 1 Immunotoxins based on PE in clinical trials, 2009 data [2] Immunotoxin Construction Target antigen Tumors References CD19-ETA′ scFv fused to PE38KDEL CD19 Lymphoma, leukemia Schwemmlein et al. (2007) Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38KDEL scFv fused to PE38KDEL CD25 CD25 positive tumor cells Kreitman et al. (1994) [LMB2] Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE40KDEL scFv fused to PE40KDEL CD25 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Kreitman et al. (1992) RTF5(scFv)-ETA′ scFv fused to PE40 CD25 Lymphoma Barth et al. (1998) RFB(dsFv)-PE38 [B1.22] dsFv fused to PE38 CD22 B-cell leukemia Kreitman et al. (2000a) G28-5 sFv-PE40 scFv fused to PE40 CD40 Burkilt's lymphoma Francisco et al. (1997) Ki4(scFv)-ETA′ scFv fused to PE40 CD30 Hodkin's lymphoma Klimka et al. (1999) CD7-ETA scFv fused to PE40 CD7 T-lineage acute lymphoblastic Peipp et al. (2002) leukemia OVB3-PE mAb linked via disulfide bond Ovary Ovarian Willingham et al. (1987) to PE B3-Lys-PE38 [LMB-1] mAb chemically linked to PE38 LeY Various Pastan (1997) B1(dsFv)-PE38 dsFv fused to PE38 LeY LeY positive tumor cells Benhar et al. (1995) B3(dsFv)-PE38 dsFv fused to PE38 LeY LeY positive tumor cells Benhar et al. (1995) BR96sFv-PE40 [SGN-10] scFv fused to PE40 LeY LeY positive tumor cells Friedman et al. (1993) IL4(38-37)PE38KDEL IL4 fused to PE38KDEL IL4-R Breast, SCCHN, pancreas, Leland et al. (2000); Kawakami [NBI-3001] medulloblastoma et al. (2000, 2002); Strome et al. (2002); Joshi et al. (2002) IL13-PE38QQR IL13 fused to PE38QQR IL13-R Head and neck Kawukumi et al. (2001) scFv(FRP5)-ETA scFv fused to PE40 erbB2 Ovarian, prostate Wels et al., (1992); Schmidt et al. (2001); Wang et al. (2001) AR209 [e23(Fv)PE38KDEL] scFv fused to PE38KDEL erbB-2 Lung, prostate Skrepnik et al. (1996, 1999); Erb-38 dsFv fused to PE38 erbB2 Epidermoid carcinoma, breast Reiter and Pastan (1996) MR1(Fv)-PE38 scFv fused to PE38 EGFRvIII Glioblastoma Beers et al. (2000) TP38 TGF-α fused to PE38 EGFR Glioma Sampson et al. (2003) TP40 TGF-α fused to PE40 EGFR Glioma, prostate, epidermoid Sarosdy et al., (1993); Pai et al. (1991a); Kunwar et al. (1993) 425.3PE mAb chemically linked to PE EGFR Breast Andersson et al. (2004) A5-PE40 scFv fused to PE40 PSMA Prostate Wolf et al. (2006, 2008) SS1(dsFv)PE38 [SSIP] dsFv fused to PE38 Mesothelin Ovarian, cervical Hussan et al. (2002) scFv(MUC1)-ETA scFv fused to PE40 MUC1 Breast Singh et al. (2007) 9.2.27-PE mAb chemically linked to PE HMW-MAA Gliomblastoma Hjortland et al. (2004) TP-3(scFv)-PE38 scFv fused to PE38 Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma Onda et al. (2001) antigen TP-3(dsFv)-PE38 dsFv fused to PE38 Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma Onda et al. (2001) antigen 8H9(dsFv)-PE38 dsFv fused to PE38 Cell surface Breast, osteosarcoma, Onda et al. (2004) glycoprotein neuroblastoma 4D6MOCB-ETA scFv fused to PE40KDEL Ep-CAM Lung, colon, SCC Di Panlo et al. (2003) HB21(Fv)-PE40 scFv fused to PE40 TfR Colon Shinohara et al. (2000)

Denileukin diftitox (ONTAK) is at present the only available therapeutic which is an immunotoxin. Registered in 1999, it is used in the therapy of CTCL, Cutaneous T-Celi Lymphoma. The FDA report of 16.10.2008 gives it a full marketing permits.

The distribution of cell surface antigens used in targeted therapy is very often not limited to tumour cells, but is only characterised by increased frequency in comparison to normal cells. This often causes side effects during the use of the drugs in the form of the destruction of healthy cells, even in tissues and organs with different functions. For example, in the therapy of breast cancer targeted against HER2 receptors, one observes the non-specific ingress of immunotoxins into hepatocytes or macrophages, which induces liver damage, and the release of cytokines by the macrophages causes subsequent non-specific changes. Newest generation immunotoxins are characterised by a higher specificity, stemming from the fact that their binding-activity requires not one, but two or more factors specific to tumour cells.

The goal of the present invention is to deliver a compound, whose activity will be dependent on the phase of the cell cycle and will be preferably apparent in intensively proliferating cells, particularly tumour cells. It is desirable that the sought substance, in addition to binding specifically defined epitopes, is subject to specific activation in cancerous cells. This type of substance should be fit for use in the production of novel pharmaceutical compositions characterised by increased therapeutic efficiency w the treatment of tumours as well as a lower number of undesirable side effects.

Unexpectedly, the above stated goal has been achieved in the present invention.

The subject of the present invention is a method of modifying a protein toxin through the addition of an NLS motif, which unexpectedly decreases the toxicity of the resulting toxin towards non-proliferating cells. In the example embodiment of the present invention we design a fusion protein containing the amino-acid sequence encompassing the sequence of bacterial exotoxin as well as the sequence of a human NLS motif.

For the purposes of this description, “protein toxins” should be understood as natural polypeptides with toxic properties, such as:

-   -   neurotoxins, which hinder neurotransmission,     -   enterotoxins, which damage the gastrointestinal mucosa,     -   cytotoxins, which destroy cells

Protein toxins may be of various origins. Known are the following toxins:

-   -   animal i.e.: Cubozoa venom contains protein toxins with         neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties, which also cause tissue         necrosis; Taipoxin (Oxyuranus scutellatus), inhibits         acetylcholine release from terminal neurons and some cholinergic         neurons of the autonomous nervous system; o-latrotoxin         (Latrodectus) binds with membrane neurexins and causes the         sudden depletion of synaptic vesicles;     -   fungal i.e.: α-amanitin (deathcap mushroom), binds with RNA         polymerase II, at higher concentrations also with RNA polymerase         III, preventing RNA elongation during synthesis; α-sarcin         (Aspergillus giganteus) inhibits protein synthesis by         hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds in 28S RNA in the large         ribosomal subunit;     -   plant i.e.: Holotoxins (also called class II         ribosome-inactivating proteins) i.e.: ricin (castor oil plant),         abrin (rosary pea), lectin (mistletoe), modecin (Adenia         digitata); Hemitoxins (also called class I ribosome-inactivating         proteins) i.e.: PAP (pokeweed antiviral protein), saporin         (Saponaria officinalis), bouganin (Bougainvillea spectabilis)         and gelonin (Gelonium Multiflorum) [3]; (Holotoxins are composed         of a binding domain and a catalytic domain whereas hemitoxins         contain only a catalytic domain. Plant toxins inhibit the         binding of the elongation factors EF-1 and EF-2 with the         ribosomal 60S subunit by removing the A residue in position 4324         of 28SRNA. Ricin also removes the neighbouring G residue at         position 4323 [4]. The result of such toxin activity is cell         death via apoptosis. Only the enzymatic domain is translocated         into the cytoplasm, and thus the binding domain of holotoxins is         cleaved off through the reduction of the disulphide bond         [5-7].);     -   bacterial i.e.: Neurotoxins: botulin (Clostridium botulinum)         (the activity botulinum toxin is based on permanent affixation         to the neuromotor plate and disruption of muscle contraction.         This is done by the fragmentation of the SNAP-25 protein         essential to acetylcholine secretion from the presynaptic         terminus), tetanus toxin, tetanospasmin (Clostridium tetani)         (tetanospasmin binds to peripheral motor neurons, enters the         axon and from there transfers to neurons of the brain stem and         spinal chord. It then migrates through the synapse to the         presynaptic terminus where it blocks the release of         neurotransmitters (glycine and GABA); Enterotoxins:         streptolysine O (Streptococcus pyogenes), listeriolysine O         (Listeria monocytogenes), alpha-toxin (Staphylococcus aureus)         (these toxins are capable of integrating into the cell membrane         in which they form channels. In this way the porous membrane can         no longer function, and ions begin to egress the cell whereas         water begins to flow inside and the cell may swell and lyse.);         Cytotoxins: collagenases, hyaluronidases or phospholipases are         enzymes which respectively degrade collagen (facilitating deep         penetration of tissue) and membrane phospholipids; Shiga toxin,         Stx (Shigella dysenteriae) this protein is composed of 6         subunits: 5 B subunits, responsible for binding the toxin to its         receptor—globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) of a eukaryotic cell and an         A subunit, which is proteolysed following endocytosis to         peptides A1 and A2. StxA2 is an enzyme which cleaves an adenine         off 28S ribosomal RNA. This inhibits tprotein synthesis in a         cell and its death; cholera toxin (Vibrio cholerae) catalyses         the binding of ADP-ribose to a G-protein subunit which lose its         GTPase activity. It fails to dissociate from adenylate cyclase,         of which it is an activator. Surplus synthesis of cyclic AMP         causes an increased concentration of electrolytes in the         intestinal lumen (storage of chlorides and inhibited potassium         absorption), which causes constant water flow into the         intestines; dyphtherotoxin (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), a         transferase which transfers ADP-ribose from NAD+ to eEF-2         (ADP-ribosylation) and in this way inhibits the translocation         and thus the elongation of a polypeptide chain; exotoxin A         (Pseudomonas).

For the purposes of this description, “immunotoxins” should be understood as complexes of antibodies or their fragments with toxins, chemically bound. The antibody is directed against structures on the tumour cell surface. Most often, recombinant immunotoxins produced by E. coli are used, such as:

-   -   human interleukin-2 (IL-2) combined with dophthitoxin         (denileukin diftitox)—reacts with the IL-2 receptor. This drug         is registered for the treatment of dermal T-cell lymphomas. It         has also been tested in CLL patients resistant to other         antileukaemia drugs [8]. Denileukin diftitox is administered at         a rate of 18 μg/kg/day in a 60 minute infusion over five days at         21 day intervals. Up to 8 combined cycles have been used. In 12         patients, reduced leukaemic cells have been observed in the         blood of over 80% of the patients, and in 6 a decrease in lymph         node volume. 6 of 22 patients who received at least 2 cycles         fulfilled the criteria for full or partial remission.     -   BL22—a recombinant immunotoxins containing an IgG immunoglobulin         fragment, which recognizes antigen CD22, conjugated with the         exotoxin of Pseudomonas [9]. The antibody is highly active in         the case of hairy cell leukaemia [10.11]. A high efficacy was         also observed against CLL but not against CR [11,12]. Currently,         a BL22 mutant termed HA22 is undergoing clinical trials [9].

For the purposes of this description the human “NLS” motif (nuclear localization signal or sequence) should be understood as an amino-acid sequence motif warranting intracellular transport of a protein into the nucleus. It comprises a sequence of positively charged amino-acids, lysines and arginines (so-called single NLS), meeting the consensus K-K/R-X-KR with the sequence: KKKRKR [13].

An example use of the present invention is exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa modified such that in the amino-acid sequence it contains an additional NLS motif: KKKRKR added at position -633, behind proline -632 from the amino end (as shown in sequence 1) in relation to the native protein.

The next subject of the present invention are nucleotide sequences of DNA, cDNA and mRNA encoding exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginsa modified such that at position 1933 in relation to the native sequence the additionally contain a motif encoding NLS, taking into account the degeneration of genetic code, meaning that all DNA encodes the protein with the amino-acid sequence according to the present invention as it has been defined above. Particular embodiment of the nucleotide sequence according to the present invention is sequence 2.

The next subject of the present invention are modified proteins, derivatives of exotoxins containing the protein fragment described above, with the modification described above, as well as the DNA sequences encoding them.

The next subject of the present invention are recombinant expression vectors as well as expression cassettes containing said DNA sequences.

The next subject of the present invention is the production of said proteins through overexpression in cells and in extracellular systems.

The next subject of the present invention is the use of said proteins to treat eukaryotic cells.

The next subject of the present invention the use of said proteins in the production of pharmaceutical compositions.

The description of the present invention is illustrated by the attached figures. FIG. 3 represents a schematic representation of the structure of the exoPE toxin [14]. FIG. 4 represents the mechanism of PE intoxication.

To better understand the present invention defined above, the present description also contains an example embodiment of the present invention. This example, however, should not be treated as limiting the scope encompassed by the present invention. The example embodiments are illustrated by the attached figures, wherein FIG. 3 shows the map of the vector pJ206, wherein the frame encloses the restriction sites EcoRI and HindIII. FIG. 4 shows the map of the vector pUC57, where the frame encloses the restriction sites for EcoRI and HindIII. FIG. 5 in turn shows an X-Ray film with visible signals corresponding to GFP (GFP), native exotoxin (PET) as well as modified exotoxin (PET mod1). FIG. 6. shows the effect of the selected chimeric toxins on live human fibroblasts, 3T3, neutral red method after 24 h, where: GFP—translation from the vector with GFP (translation control), PETm1—translation from the vector with the modified toxin whereas PET is the native toxin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the structure of PE exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruinosa. According to: Kreitman (2009), modified.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of PE intoxication. Source: Kreitman (2009).

FIG. 3 shows a map of vector pJ206:26701. Red frames delineate restriction sites for EcoRl and Hindlll.

FIG. 4 shows a map of vector UC57. Red frames delineate restriction sites for EcoRI and HindIII.

FIG. 5 shows an image of X-ray film with visible signals corresponding to the following proteins: GFP (GFP), native exotoxin (PET) and modified exotoxin (PET modl).

FIG. 6 shows the effect of modified exotoxin (PETm1), native exotoxin (PET) and GFP as controls, on 3T3 fibroblast viability, measurement using the neutral red method after 24h. Culture confluence denoted as: (10)-100% confluence, (4)-40% confluence.

EXAMPLE 1

The sequence encoding the modified exotoxin was designed with the further addition of elements necessary to obtain (via in vitro synthesis) proteins containing a tag in the form of 6 histidine residues. The nucleotide sequence of the entire expression cassette is shown as sequence No. 3 whereas the protein it encodes has the amino-acid sequence termed sequence 4 (in the sequence list).

The expression cassette containing: a promoter for the T7 polymerase, a ribosome binding site, a start codon, a linker with the His-tag as well as a sequence encoding the modified exotoxin; was obtained through chemical synthesis performed by the GenScript company. This cassette was then cloned by the producer into the vector pJ206 between the restriction sites EcoRI and HindIII (FIG. 1). From such a vector we digested out the entire expression cassette and transcloned it into the plasmid pUC57 (FIG. 2) using the EcoRI and Hind III restrictases. In the same way we synthesized and prepared the vectors used to express proteins that were the controls in the experiment: unmodified (native) exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginsa as well as GFP.

The vector containing the insert, the expression cassette for the modified exotoxin as well as vectors for the expression of the native exotoxin and GFP were used for in vitro transcription and translation using the commercial “RTS 100 E. coli HY Kit containing E. coli lysate (5Prime)”. Proteins synthesized in this fashion were purified on Ni-NTA-agarose (Qiagen) and dialysed against PBS, and then concentrated using Amicon centrifuge filters. The concentration of the resulting proteins in subsequent purification steps was estimated using the BCA method (Tab. 2).

TABLE 2 Concentrations of proteins obtained via in vitro transcription/translation, estimated using the BCA method. protein concentration [μg/ml] preparation cleaned on preparation following Ni-NTA-agarose concentration on Amicon filters GFP 75 227 PET <10 39 PET_mod1 22 64

The molecular mass of the resulting proteins was evaluated using electrophoresis on Agilent microchips. The results are shown below (Tab. 3) and reflect the predicted mass of the resulting polypeptides.

TABLE 3 Molecular mass of the proteins obtained through in vitro transcription/translation, evaluated using the Agilent microchip. mass [kDa] GFP 30 PET 74 PET_mod1 76

To confirm that the resulting fusion protein of the desired mass was obtained, we performed Western blot analysis. Detection was performed using an antibody against the His-tag, conjugated with HRP (horseradish peroxidase). As is shown in FIG. 3, all resulting proteins bound the anti-His-tag antibody. The resulting signals corresponded to a mass of about 30 kDa (GFP) and 75 kDa (native and modified toxins).

We then tested the effect of the modified toxins on the growth of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts and its selective cytotoxic effect on intensively dividing cells. FIG. 4 shows a compilation of survivability results of the treated cells. In the case of modified exotoxin, we observed differences dependent on the stage of development of the culture (confluence of 100% and 40%). Intensively dividing cells (initial confluence 40%) were more sensitive to the modified exotoxin than 100% confluent cells, and the difference was about 11%.

REFERENCES

-   -   1. Kreitman R J. Recombinant immunotoxins containing truncated         bacterial toxins for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.         BioDrugs., 2009, 23(1):1-13.     -   2. Wolf P, Elsässer-Beile U. Pseudomonas exotoxin A: from         virulence factor to anti-cancer agent. Int J Med Microbiol.         2009, 299, 161-76.     -   3. Bolognesi A, Polito L, Tazzari P L, et al. In vitro         anti-tumour activity of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 immunotoxins         containing type 1 ribosome inactivating proteins. Br J Haematol.         2000; 110: 351- 361.     -   4. Endo Y, Mitsui K, Motizuki M, Tsurugi K. The mechanism of         action of ricin and related toxic lectins on eukaryotic         ribosomes. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 5908-5912.     -   5. Bolognesi A, Tazzari P L, Olivieri F, Polito L, Falini B,         Stirpe F. Induction of apoptosis by ribosome-inactivating         proteins and related immunotoxins. Int J Cancer. 1996; 68:         349-355.     -   6. Hughes J N, Lindsay C D, Griffiths G D. Morphology of ricin         and abrin exposed endothelial cells is consistent with apoptotic         cell death. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1996; 15: 443-451.     -   7. Bergamaschi G, Perfetti V, Tonon L, et al. Saporin, a         ribosome inactivating protein used to prepare immunotoxins,         induces cell death via apoptosis. Br J Haematol. 1996; 93:         789-794.     -   8. Frankel A E, Surendranathan A, Black J H, White A, Ganjoo,         Cripe L D. Phase II clinical studies of denileukin diffitox         fusion protein in patients with previously treated chronic         lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2006; 106: 2158-2164.     -   9. Robak T. Novel monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of         chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2008; 8:         156-171.     -   10. Kreitman R J, Wilson W H, Bergeron K, et al. Efficacy of the         anti CD22 recombinant immunotoxins BL22 in chemotherapy         resistant hairy cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 241-247.     -   11. Robak T. New agents in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr         Treat Options Oncol. 2006; 7: 200-212.     -   12. Kreitman R J, Squires D R, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Phase         I trial of recombinant immunotoxins RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) in         patients with B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23:         6719-6729.     -   13. Chelsky D, Ralph R, Jonak G. Sequence requirements for         synthetic peptide-mediated translocation to the nucleus. Mol         Cell Biol. 1989 Jun; 9(6):2487-92.     -   14. Kreitman R J. Immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy.         AAPS J. 2006 Aug 18; 8(3):E532-51. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin, the method comprising adding a human nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif amino acid sequence to the amino-acid sequence of a starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin to provide a recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin comprising an amino acid sequence consisting of the amino acid sequence of the starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin and the added NLS, wherein the resulting recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin has a decreased overall cytotoxicity in comparison to the cytotoxicity of the starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin.
 2. A recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein comprising an amino-acid sequence consisting of the amino acid sequence of a starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin and the amino acid sequence of an added human NLS motif, wherein the recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein has a decreased overall cytotoxicity in comparison to the cytotoxicity of the starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin.
 3. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 2, wherein the protein cytotoxic exotoxin is a bacterial exotoxin.
 4. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 2, wherein the starting protein cytotoxic exotoxin is exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 5. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 2, wherein the recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein is an immunotoxin.
 6. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 2, wherein the NLS motif comprises the amino-acid sequence KKKRKR (positions 633 to 638 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
 7. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 4, wherein the NLS motif comprises the amino-acid sequence KKKRKR (positions 633 to 638 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
 8. The recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim 2, comprising the amino-acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:
 4. 9. A polynucleotide encoding the recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim
 2. 10. A polynucleotide encoding the recombinant cytotoxic exotoxin protein according to claim
 8. 11. A polynucleotide according to claim 10, comprising the nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:
 3. 12. A biologically active vector, comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 9. 13. A biologically active vector, comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 10. 14. A biologically active vector, comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 11. 